How is Cholera Caused?

August 7, 2023 | by Yashaswi Pathakamuri | Posted in FAQ's

Vibrio cholerae

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria are typically found in contaminated water or food, and it spreads primarily through the consumption of contaminated food and water or through fecal-oral transmission.

The main ways cholera is caused and transmitted are:

  • Contaminated Water: The primary mode of transmission is through drinking water that has been contaminated with Vibrio cholerae. This can happen when sewage or human waste containing the bacteria contaminates water sources, such as wells, rivers, or lakes.
  • Contaminated Food: Consuming raw or undercooked seafood, particularly shellfish, that has been harvested from contaminated waters can also transmit the bacteria to humans.
  • Poor Sanitation: In areas with inadequate sanitation facilities, the bacterium can spread through direct or indirect contact with human feces. This can occur when infected individuals do not have access to proper sanitation facilities and when human waste contaminates the environment.
  • Person-to-Person Transmission: While less common, cholera can also spread from person to person in areas with poor sanitation and overcrowding. This occurs when the bacteria from an infected person’s feces contaminates the environment and is then ingested by others.

Once a person ingests Vibrio cholerae, the bacteria multiply in the small intestine and produce a toxin called cholera toxin. This toxin causes the cells lining the intestine to release large amounts of water and electrolytes, leading to severe watery diarrhea, which is a hallmark symptom of cholera. The rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes can result in dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and potentially life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.

Cholera is more common in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean drinking water. It can spread quickly in epidemic or pandemic situations, especially in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. Proper sanitation, access to clean drinking water, and prompt treatment of infected individuals are crucial in preventing and controlling cholera outbreaks. Oral rehydration therapy and antibiotics are essential components of cholera treatment to manage dehydration and reduce the severity and duration of the illness.

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