What are the Symptoms of Machupo Virus?

October 21, 2023 | by Sravani Pathakamuri | Posted in FAQ's

Machupo virus is a South American arenavirus that is known to cause Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF) in humans. Symptoms of Machupo virus infection can range from mild to severe, and in some cases, it can be life-threatening. The onset of symptoms typically occurs 1 to 2 weeks after exposure to the virus and can include:

  • Fever: The initial symptoms often include a sudden high fever, which can be persistent and is one of the hallmark signs of Machupo virus infection.
  • Malaise: Individuals may experience a general feeling of discomfort, fatigue, and weakness.
  • Muscle and Joint Pain: Pain in the muscles and joints, known as myalgia and arthralgia, can be present.
  • Headache: Severe headaches are common and can be debilitating.
  • Sore Throat: Symptoms can include a sore throat and difficulty swallowing.
  • Nausea and Vomiting: Gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and vomiting are common and can lead to dehydration.
  • Gastrointestinal Bleeding: In severe cases, Machupo virus infection can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding, which may manifest as bloody diarrhea.
  • Petechiae and Hemorrhage: Small, red or purple skin spots (petechiae) and bleeding from the mucous membranes, such as the gums and nose, can occur.
  • Respiratory Symptoms: Individuals may experience coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
  • Neurological Symptoms: In some cases, Machupo virus infection can progress to neurological symptoms, including confusion, seizures, and coma.

Machupo virus is considered a biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen, meaning it requires the highest level of containment due to its potential for causing severe illness and the lack of specific antiviral treatments or vaccines. Bolivian hemorrhagic fever is a serious and often fatal disease, and supportive care, such as maintaining hydration and treating symptoms, is a key component of management.

Prevention of Machupo virus infection primarily involves avoiding exposure to rodents that can carry the virus, particularly in regions where the virus is known to circulate. Health workers and individuals at risk should follow strict infection control practices when dealing with suspected cases. If you believe you have been exposed to Machupo virus or are experiencing symptoms consistent with Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention.

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