What is Peptic Ulcer? How is Peptic Ulcer Caused?
August 23, 2023 | by Yashaswi Pathakamuri | Posted in FAQ's
A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion that forms on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. Peptic ulcers are typically characterized by a painful, burning sensation in the upper abdomen, known as gastritis. They can be classified into three main types based on their location:
- Gastric Ulcer: A peptic ulcer that develops in the lining of the stomach.
- Duodenal Ulcer: A peptic ulcer that occurs in the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum.
- Esophageal Ulcer: A peptic ulcer that forms in the esophagus, often as a result of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Peptic ulcers are primarily caused by an imbalance between the stomach’s aggressive factors and its defensive mechanisms, which protect the stomach lining from being damaged by stomach acid and digestive enzymes. The primary factors contributing to the development of peptic ulcers include:
- Helicobacter pylori Infection: This bacterium is one of the main causes of peptic ulcers. H. pylori can weaken the stomach’s protective mucous layer, allowing stomach acid to damage the underlying tissue. It is believed to be responsible for a significant portion of peptic ulcer cases.
- Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Medications like aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are commonly used to relieve pain and inflammation. However, they can irritate the stomach lining and disrupt the protective mechanisms, making it easier for ulcers to form.
- Excessive Stomach Acid Production: Certain conditions, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, can lead to the excessive production of stomach acid, which can contribute to the development of peptic ulcers.
- Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and stress have also been associated with an increased risk of developing peptic ulcers.
- Genetics: Some individuals might be more genetically predisposed to developing peptic ulcers.
The symptoms of peptic ulcers can vary, but common signs include a burning pain in the stomach area, bloating, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, and changes in appetite. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, where a flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the stomach to directly visualize the ulcer.
Treatment for peptic ulcers aims to alleviate symptoms, promote healing, and prevent complications. This can involve a combination of medications, including antibiotics to treat H. pylori infections, proton pump inhibitors to reduce stomach acid production, and lifestyle modifications to minimize irritants like NSAIDs, alcohol, and smoking. In severe cases, surgical intervention might be necessary.
It’s important to note that peptic ulcers can lead to serious complications such as bleeding, perforation (a hole in the stomach or intestine), and obstruction. Therefore, seeking medical attention if you suspect you have a peptic ulcer is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.