What Causes Diabetes Mellitus?

August 8, 2023 | by Yashaswi Pathakamuri | Posted in FAQ's

Diabetes Mellitus Test

Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. While the exact causes differ between the two types, both involve issues with insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar.

  1. Type 1 Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This results in little to no insulin production. The exact trigger for this autoimmune response is not fully understood, but genetics and environmental factors likely play a role. Viral infections and certain genetic factors might contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes.
  2. Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This leads to a reduced ability of cells to take up glucose from the blood, resulting in high blood sugar levels. Several factors contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes:
    • Genetics: Family history of diabetes can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Certain genetic variants can also influence susceptibility.
    • Obesity: Excess body weight, particularly abdominal obesity, is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Obesity contributes to insulin resistance and inflammation.
    • Physical Inactivity: Lack of regular physical activity can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Exercise helps improve insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization.
    • Unhealthy Diet: Diets high in refined carbohydrates, sugars, and saturated fats can contribute to obesity and insulin resistance, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
    • Age: The risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age, particularly after the age of 45.
    • Ethnicity: Certain ethnic groups, including African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
    • Gestational Diabetes: Some women develop diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes), which increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
    • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a hormonal disorder that increases the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in women.
    • Hypertension: High blood pressure can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

While the causes of diabetes mellitus are complex and multifactorial, lifestyle factors such as maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and following a balanced diet are essential for preventing or managing the condition. For those with diabetes, proper medical management, including medication, insulin therapy, and blood sugar monitoring, is crucial to prevent complications and maintain overall health.

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