What Causes Fluid Build Up Around the Heart?

February 28, 2024 | by Yashaswi Pathakamuri | Posted in FAQ's

Pericardial effusion

The accumulation of fluid around the heart, a condition known as pericardial effusion, can be caused by various factors. This fluid buildup occurs in the pericardium, the double-layered sac surrounding the heart. Some common causes of pericardial effusion include:

  1. Inflammation or Infection: Infections, such as viral or bacterial pericarditis, can cause inflammation of the pericardium. Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus may also contribute to pericardial effusion.
  2. Cancer: Cancerous tumors in or near the pericardium can lead to fluid accumulation. Cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the pericardium may cause pericardial effusion.
  3. Autoimmune Disorders: Certain autoimmune conditions, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, may trigger inflammation of the pericardium and lead to fluid buildup.
  4. Trauma or Injury: Physical trauma to the chest, such as a blunt injury or a penetrating wound, can result in pericardial effusion.
  5. Kidney Failure: Impaired kidney function can lead to fluid retention in the body, including the pericardial sac.
  6. Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid function can contribute to the accumulation of fluid in various tissues, including the pericardium.
  7. Radiation Therapy: Radiation treatment for cancers in the chest area may lead to inflammation and scarring of the pericardium, causing pericardial effusion.
  8. Heart Attack: Myocardial infarction (heart attack) can result in inflammation of the pericardium, leading to fluid buildup.
  9. Medications: Certain medications, such as hydralazine, isoniazid, and procainamide, have been associated with pericardial effusion.
  10. Uremia: Elevated levels of waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction (uremia) can contribute to fluid retention, including around the heart.
  11. Idiopathic Causes: In some cases, the exact cause of pericardial effusion may not be identified, and it is classified as idiopathic.

Pericardial effusion can vary in severity, and the symptoms may range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the amount of fluid and the underlying cause. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, and an increased heart rate. Diagnosing and treating the underlying cause is crucial to managing pericardial effusion. Healthcare professionals may use imaging studies, such as echocardiography or MRI, to assess the fluid buildup and determine the cause. Treatment may involve addressing the underlying condition, draining the excess fluid, or, in some cases, surgical intervention. If you suspect pericardial effusion, seek medical attention promptly for a thorough evaluation.

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