What is the Main Cause of a Heart Attack?
October 6, 2023 | by Yashaswi Pathakamuri | Posted in FAQ's
The main cause of a heart attack is a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. This blockage is typically due to the formation of a blood clot or the buildup of fatty deposits, known as plaque, within the coronary arteries. The process leading to a heart attack is called coronary artery disease (CAD) or atherosclerosis. Here’s how it typically occurs:
- Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is a gradual process in which plaque accumulates on the inner walls of the coronary arteries. Plaque consists of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances. Over time, the plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.
- Plaque Rupture or Erosion: In some cases, a vulnerable plaque can rupture or erode, exposing the inner core of the plaque to the bloodstream. This can trigger the formation of a blood clot at the site of the rupture.
- Blood Clot Formation: When a blood clot (thrombus) forms, it can rapidly block the artery, further reducing or completely obstructing blood flow to a part of the heart muscle. This sudden blockage is what leads to a heart attack.
The decrease in blood flow during a heart attack deprives the heart muscle of oxygen and nutrients. If the blood flow is not restored promptly, the affected heart muscle tissue can become damaged or die. This can lead to various degrees of heart muscle injury, which may result in a range of symptoms and complications, depending on the size and location of the affected area.
It’s important to note that while coronary artery disease is the primary cause of heart attacks, other factors can contribute to the development of CAD, including:
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- High cholesterol levels (hyperlipidemia)
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Family history of heart disease
- Physical inactivity
- Stress
- Poor diet
Managing risk factors through lifestyle modifications, medication, and, in some cases, medical procedures (such as coronary angioplasty and stent placement or coronary artery bypass surgery) can help reduce the risk of coronary artery disease and, subsequently, the risk of heart attacks. Early recognition of heart attack symptoms and seeking immediate medical attention is crucial for minimizing heart damage and improving outcomes. Common symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, pain radiating to the arms, neck, jaw, or back, and nausea or lightheadedness.