What Causes Parkinson’s?

March 15, 2024 | by Yashaswi Pathakamuri | Posted in FAQ's

Parkinson's disease

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. While the exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is not fully understood, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Here are some key factors thought to contribute to the development of Parkinson’s disease:

  • Genetic Factors: While most cases of Parkinson’s disease are sporadic and not directly inherited, certain genetic mutations have been linked to an increased risk of developing the condition. Mutations in genes such as SNCA, LRRK2, PARK7 (DJ-1), PINK1, and PARKIN have been implicated in familial forms of Parkinson’s disease, where the condition runs in families.
  • Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins or substances may increase the risk of Parkinson’s disease. For example, exposure to pesticides, herbicides, industrial chemicals, and heavy metals (such as manganese) has been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. However, the exact mechanisms by which these environmental factors contribute to Parkinson’s disease are still being studied.
  • Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation: In Parkinson’s disease, there is an abnormal accumulation of a protein called alpha-synuclein within certain brain cells, particularly in structures known as Lewy bodies. These protein aggregates are believed to contribute to the degeneration of neurons involved in movement control, leading to the characteristic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
  • Neuroinflammation: Inflammation in the brain may play a role in the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Chronic activation of the immune system and inflammatory processes within the brain can contribute to neuronal damage and cell death.
  • Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles within cells, play a crucial role in maintaining cellular health. Dysfunction of mitochondria and impaired energy metabolism have been implicated in Parkinson’s disease, although the exact relationship is complex and not fully understood.
  • Oxidative Stress: Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and the body’s ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. Oxidative stress can damage cells and contribute to neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease.
  • Age: Advanced age is the most significant risk factor for Parkinson’s disease, with the majority of cases diagnosed in people over the age of 60. Aging is associated with various changes in the brain and body that may increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease.

It’s important to note that Parkinson’s disease is a complex condition with multiple underlying factors, and ongoing research is aimed at better understanding its causes and developing more effective treatments.

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